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Program Notes

Les Violons du Roy with MILOŠ

MILOŠ

Les Violons du Roy

David Belkovski

Program

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
Sinfonia, excerpt from Olimpiade, RV 725 
   Allegro – Andante – Allegro – Allegro Molto

Alessandro Marcello (1673-1747)
Excerpt from Oboe Concerto in D minor S. Z799 
1. Adagio

Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805)
Excerpt from Guitar Quintet No. 4 in D major, G. 448 
1. Fandago

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)
Excerpt from Violin Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004 
1. Chaconne

Francesco Geminiani (1687-1762)
Concerto Grosso Op. 5 No. 12 in D minor, H. 143 “La Follia” (after Corelli)

–Intermission–

Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)
Excerpt from Les Boréades
Acte IV, Scène IV : Entrée pour les Muses, les Zéphyres, les Saisons,les Heures et les Arts

George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
Minuet in G minor

Silvius Leopold Weiss (1687-1750)
Passacaglia, Weiss SW 18.6 

Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
Suite from The Fairy Queen, Z. 629 
   Act I – Prelude
Hornpipe
Rondeau 

Excerpt from Timon of Athens, Z. 632
   Masque. Curtain tune on a Ground 

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
Concerto for lute, 2 violins and continuo in D major, F. XII/15, RV 93
1. Allegro
2. Largo
3. Allegro

ANTONIO VIVALDI 

Born in Venice, Italy, March 4, 1678; died in Vienna, Austria, July 27/28, 1741

Sinfonia, from L’Olimpiade, RV 725 (1734)

L’Olimpiade (The Olympiad) was premièred in Venice in 1734.  The dynamic thrusts, racing passagework, leaps and contrasts of the outer sections of its Sinfonia capture the physical energy of the ancient Olympic Games.  They provide the backdrop for Vivaldi’s successful opera portraying a highly strung quartet of lovers.  Showing his gift for word-painting rather than word-setting, Vivaldi’s ability to paint a scene through his melodic or rhythmic writing and through musical texture was unmatched. 

 

ALESSANDRO MARCELLO

Born in Venice, August 24, 1673; died in Venice, June 19, 1747

Adagio, from Oboe Concerto in D minor (c1717)

This frequently performed oboe concerto first came to notice through its transcription for harpsichord by Bach.  The original is found in an anthology of concertos by various composers published by Jeanne Roger in Amsterdam in 1717, with the author clearly named ‘Alexandro’.  A C minor version of this D minor concerto simply names the composer as ‘Marcello.’  A decade earlier, Alessandro’s younger brother Benedetto, the most prolific composer of this noble, highly educated Venetian family, wrote a violin concerto (Op. 1 No. 2) in 1708 which contains close thematic resemblances to the later oboe concerto. Italian Baroque specialist Michael Talbot believes that the identity of the composer is still not resolved.  Whether Alessandro or Benedetto, they still wrote a beautifully ornate slow middle movement (which some performers decorate with ornamentation borrowed from Bach’s borrowing). 

 

LUIGI BOCCHERINI

Born in Lucca, Italy, February 19, 1743; died in Madrid, Spain, May 28, 1805

Fandango, from Guitar Quintet No. 4 in D, G. 448 (1798)

 “I never see a smile upon Boccherini's face.  He is all earnestness and tragedy," wrote 18th century English scholar, Thomas Twining.  Clearly, Boccherini was not Twining's cup of tea, and he hadn’t come across this lively Fandango.  It comes from a set of six Quintets for two violins, viola and two cellos, from 1788 – a movement that Boccherini was to re-work and return to its origins in 1798 as the finale of his Guitar Quintet in D, G. 448. The exuberant Fandango contains a handwritten note from Boccherini that “the melody was played by old Basilio on the guitar.”  

 

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH

Born in Eisenach, Germany, March 21, 1685; died in Leipzig, Germany, July 28, 1750 

Chaconne, from Partita in D minor for violin, BWV 1004 (1720)

Bach wrote this magnificent Chaconne as the crowning movement of his D minor Partita for solo violin, the second of a collection of six Partitas and Sonatas, representing the culmination of Baroque polyphonic writing for a string instrument. The Chaconne presents a formidable array of technically challenging variations, over an underlying four-bar repeating bass pattern that is varied melodically and harmonically.

 

GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL  

Born in Halle, Germany, February 23, 1685; died in London, England, April 14, 1759

Concerto Grosso in A minor, Op. 6 No. 4, HWV 322 (1739)

On October 29, 1739, the London Daily Post carried the following announcement: "This day are published proposals for printing by subscription with His Majesty's royal license and protection 12 Grand Concertos in seven parts, for four violins, a tenor and a violoncello, with a thoroughbass for harpsichord.  Composed by Mr. Handel.  Price to subscribers, two guineas.  Ready to be delivered by April next. Subscriptions are to be taken by the author in his house in Brook Street, Hanover Square, and by Mr. Walsh."  Even as the announcement was printed, Handel was putting the finishing touches to the new collection, his Opus 6.  These concertos are stamped with his own distinctive voice and were designed to compete with Corelli’s Op. 6 collection which, for 25 years, had been a cornerstone of the repertoire for music clubs, concert rooms, and the concert societies that met in the taverns in London and the provinces. Handel’s concertos continue to hold an important place in British concert life to this day.

 

FRANCESCO GEMINIANI

Born in Lucca, Italy, c December 3, 1687; died in Dublin, Ireland, September 17, 1762

Concerto Grosso in D minor (pub. 1729), after Corelli's Sonata, Op. 5 No. 12, ‘La Folia’

Corelli’s Op. 6 concertos (1714) and Op. 5 violin sonatas (publ. 1700) were what 18th century British essayist Roger North called ‘the bread of life.’  They were much performed and imitated throughout Europe.  But there was another side to Corelli: “a conceited fellow half madd” in the words of one observer, whose “eyes will sometimes turn as red as fire . . .” This is the side that is reflected in the last of Corelli’s Op. 5 sonatas: a dynamic, driving set of 24 variations on a well-established dance theme known as La folia.  In his orchestral adaptation of these variations, Geminiani mostly keeps Corelli’s virtuoso solo violin line, augmenting the texture and underlining contrasts.  

 

JEAN-PHILIPPE RAMEAU

Born in Dijon, France, bap. September 25, 1683; died in Paris, September 12, 1764

Four Dances from the opera Les Boréades, RCT 31 (1763)

In 18th century France, Rameau was renowned as a music theoretician and opera composer, with a reputation, too, as an organist.  Remarkably, Rameau was 50 before his first stage work, Hippolyte et Aricie (1733), was publicly performed, beginning a new, hugely successful era in French opera.   Nineteen operas later came Abaris, ou Les Boréades (The Descendants of Boreas).  It was the last of his operas, rehearsed in both Paris and Versailles, but never staged, likely, at least in part, because French tastes had changed by the time of Rameau’s 80th year. The dances come from Act 4 Scene 4 of Rameau’s five-act opéra-tragédie.

 

GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL 

Born in Halle, Germany, February 23, 1685; died in London, England, April 14, 1759

Minuet from the Suite in B-flat, HWV 434 (publ. 1727)

When Handel settled in London in 1712, his first five years were taken up with opera and choral music for court and ceremonial occasions.  He then turned to keyboard music, taking out a Royal Privilege in June 1720.  This, in an age before copyright protection, gave him publishing rights to his own music for 14 years.  His first volume of eight Suites in 1720 is prefaced with the words: “I have been obliged to publish some of the following lessons because surreptitious and incorrect copies of them have got abroad…”  He published a second volume of nine Suites around 1727, beginning with the B-flat Suite which includes the gently graceful Minuet to be played today.

 

SILVIUS LEOPOLD WEISS

Born in Breslau, Silesia [now Wrocław], ?Oct 12, 1686; died in Dresden, October 16, 1750

Passacaglia in D, Weiss SW 18.6

A virtuoso lutenist with a catalog of almost 600 pieces, Silvius Weiss belonged to a family of court lutenists working in southwest Germany.  After traveling widely, Weiss became the highest paid instrumentalist at the Dresden Hofkapelle, with permission to tour.  In 1739 he traveled to Leipzig where he performed with Bach and his Collegium Musicum.  His music is arranged into lute suites or sonaten.  Like Bach’s Chaconne, the Weiss Passacaglia, is a sequence of polished, inventive variations over a ground bass – music designed to showcase the composer’s virtuosity. 

 

HENRY PURCELL

Born in Westminster, London, England, September 10, 1659; died in Westminster, London, November 21, 1695

Suite from The Fairy Queen, Act 1, Z. 629 (1692)

Curtain tune on a Ground from The History of Timon of Ath  ens, The Man-Hater, Z. 632 (1695)

 As a member of the Chapel Royal, Henry Purcell produced the main part of his catalog for the four monarchs he served: anthems, birthday odes, welcome songs and coronation music.  Music for the Restoration theater filled the last five years of a productive life and resulted in incidental music for about 50 plays.  His stage works, including The Fairy Queen, include much spoken word, with its songs falling as self-contained separate numbers between the dialogue.  The instrumental numbers are also frequently self-contained, with an overture or ‘curtain tune’ opening the production, ‘Act Tunes’ coming between the acts, and a ‘First Music’ and ‘Second Music’ as musical interludes elsewhere. Today’s selections from the Act 1 music to The Fairy Queen includes a lively, running Prelude, a vigorous Hornpipe, and a gently calming Rondeau. 

The Curtain Tune to the Masque of Cupid and Bacchus was performed within a renamed 1695 revival of Timon of Athens. It is one of just two pieces that Purcell added to the main incidental music, believed to be by James Paisible. The Curtain Tune’s lively, foot-tapping variations on a ground were, therefore, written just three months before Purcell’s death. 

 

ANTONIO VIVALDI 

Born in Venice, Italy, March 4, 1678; died in Vienna, Austria, July 27/28, 1741

Concerto in D, for lute, 2 violins and continuo, RV 93 (1730-1)

Vivaldi remained associated with the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice much of his life.  When traveling, which he did frequently, he continued to fill the school’s voracious demand for new music with a contract for two new concertos per month, by mail when necessary.  More than 140 concertos were paid for by this means between 1723 and 1729.  The Lute Concerto in D, RV 93 was written shortly after then, while Vivaldi was traveling with his father in Central Europe.  It is one of three known works dedicated to Count Johann Joseph von Wrtby (1669-1734) whose home was in Prague.  Scholars believe that Wrtby played the soprano lute, rather than the classic renaissance lute. This higher instrument was favored in Italy in Vivaldi’s time and was often referred to by composers of the day as the mandola, mandolino, or leutino

— Program notes copyright © 2024 Keith Horner.  Comments welcomed: khnotes@sympatico.ca